"cimds" meaning in All languages combined

See cimds on Wiktionary

Noun [Latvian]

IPA: [tsìmts] Audio: lv-riga-cimds.ogg
Etymology: From Proto-Baltic *kimdas (possibly conserved for a while in Lithuanian, but later lost), an old word, widely borrowed into Baltic-Finnic languages: compare Finnish kinnas (genitive kintaan), Estonian kinnas (genitive kinda), Veps kindas, kindaz, Livonian kindas, k'indaz. Some researchers derive *kimdas from an old Proto-Baltic verb *kimti (“to press, to shove, to thrust”), from Proto-Baltic *kim-, from the zero grade *km̥- of Proto-Indo-European *kem- (“to press together; to hinder, to hamper”); the original meaning of cimds would be, in this case, “that in which one shoves one's hands,” or “that which presses one's hands.” Others, however, derive cimds from Proto-Baltic *šim- (with the expected Latvian reflex *sim- changing to *cim- via original or dialectal variation, as with, e.g., saukt : kaukt), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“to cover”) (whence German Hemd). It is possible that Proto-Indo-European *kem- and *ḱem- were variants of a single stem, with differentiated semantics. Etymology templates: {{der|lv|bat-pro|-}} Proto-Baltic, {{cog|lt|-}} Lithuanian, {{cog|fi|kinnas}} Finnish kinnas, {{cog|et|kinnas}} Estonian kinnas, {{cog|vep|kindas}} Veps kindas, {{cog|liv|kindas}} Livonian kindas, {{der|lv|bat-pro|-}} Proto-Baltic, {{cog|bat-pro|*kim-}} Proto-Baltic *kim-, {{der|lv|ine-pro|*kem-||to press together; to hinder, to hamper}} Proto-Indo-European *kem- (“to press together; to hinder, to hamper”), {{cog|bat-pro|*šim-}} Proto-Baltic *šim-, {{cog|lv|-}} Latvian, {{cog|ine-pro|*ḱem-||to cover}} Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“to cover”), {{cog|de|Hemd}} German Hemd, {{cog|ine-pro|*kem-}} Proto-Indo-European *kem- Head templates: {{head|lv|noun|g=m|g2=|head=|sort=}} cimds m, {{lv-noun|m|1st}} cimds m (1st declension) Inflection templates: {{lv-decl-noun|cimd|s|1st|extrawidth=-60}}, {{lv-decl-noun-1|cimd|s|4=|5=|6=|7=|8=|drop-v=|keep-s=|x=-60}}, {{lv-decl-noun-table|cimds|cimdi|cimdu|cimdus|cimda|cimdu|cimdam|cimdiem|cimdu|cimdiem|cimdā|cimdos|cimd|cimdi|type=1st declension|x=-60}} Forms: declension-1 [table-tags], cimds [nominative, singular], cimdi [nominative, plural], cimdu [accusative, singular], cimdus [accusative, plural], cimda [genitive, singular], cimdu [genitive, plural], cimdam [dative, singular], cimdiem [dative, plural], cimdu [instrumental, singular], cimdiem [instrumental, plural], cimdā [locative, singular], cimdos [locative, plural], cimd [singular, vocative], cimdi [plural, vocative]
  1. glove (item of clothing that covers one's hands) Tags: declension-1, masculine Categories (topical): Clothing Synonyms: dūrainis, pirkstainis Derived forms: cimdots
    Sense id: en-cimds-lv-noun-f5oDO1dR Categories (other): Latvian entries with incorrect language header, Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup, Latvian etymologies from LEV, Latvian words with falling intonation

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for cimds meaning in All languages combined (7.0kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fi",
        "2": "kinnas"
      },
      "expansion": "Finnish kinnas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "et",
        "2": "kinnas"
      },
      "expansion": "Estonian kinnas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vep",
        "2": "kindas"
      },
      "expansion": "Veps kindas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "liv",
        "2": "kindas"
      },
      "expansion": "Livonian kindas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bat-pro",
        "2": "*kim-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *kim-",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kem-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to press together; to hinder, to hamper"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kem- (“to press together; to hinder, to hamper”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bat-pro",
        "2": "*šim-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *šim-",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*ḱem-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to cover"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“to cover”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Hemd"
      },
      "expansion": "German Hemd",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*kem-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kem-",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Baltic *kimdas (possibly conserved for a while in Lithuanian, but later lost), an old word, widely borrowed into Baltic-Finnic languages: compare Finnish kinnas (genitive kintaan), Estonian kinnas (genitive kinda), Veps kindas, kindaz, Livonian kindas, k'indaz. Some researchers derive *kimdas from an old Proto-Baltic verb *kimti (“to press, to shove, to thrust”), from Proto-Baltic *kim-, from the zero grade *km̥- of Proto-Indo-European *kem- (“to press together; to hinder, to hamper”); the original meaning of cimds would be, in this case, “that in which one shoves one's hands,” or “that which presses one's hands.” Others, however, derive cimds from Proto-Baltic *šim- (with the expected Latvian reflex *sim- changing to *cim- via original or dialectal variation, as with, e.g., saukt : kaukt), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“to cover”) (whence German Hemd). It is possible that Proto-Indo-European *kem- and *ḱem- were variants of a single stem, with differentiated semantics.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "declension-1",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1st declension",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimds",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdiem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdiem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdos",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimd",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cimds m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "1st"
      },
      "expansion": "cimds m (1st declension)",
      "name": "lv-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cimd",
        "2": "s",
        "3": "1st",
        "extrawidth": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cimd",
        "2": "s",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "drop-v": "",
        "keep-s": "",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cimds",
        "10": "cimdiem",
        "11": "cimdā",
        "12": "cimdos",
        "13": "cimd",
        "14": "cimdi",
        "2": "cimdi",
        "3": "cimdu",
        "4": "cimdus",
        "5": "cimda",
        "6": "cimdu",
        "7": "cimdam",
        "8": "cimdiem",
        "9": "cimdu",
        "type": "1st declension",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian words with falling intonation",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "lv",
          "name": "Clothing",
          "orig": "lv:Clothing",
          "parents": [
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "cimdots"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "right-hand glove",
          "text": "labās rokas cimds",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "left-hand glove",
          "text": "kreisās rokas cimds",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "a pair of gloves",
          "text": "cimdu pāris",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "mittens (lit. fingered gloves)",
          "text": "pirkstaini, dūraini cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "crocheted gloves",
          "text": "tamborēti cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "nylon, rubber gloves",
          "text": "kaprona, gumija cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "boxing gloves",
          "text": "boksa cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "work gloves",
          "text": "darba cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "long gloves (to the elbow; worn by women)",
          "text": "garie cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "surgical gloves (worn by surgeons)",
          "text": "ķirurģiskie cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "glove finger",
          "text": "cimda pirksts",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to put on, to take off gloves",
          "text": "uzvilkt, novilkt cimdus",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to knit gloves",
          "text": "adīt cimdus",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "glove (item of clothing that covers one's hands)"
      ],
      "id": "en-cimds-lv-noun-f5oDO1dR",
      "links": [
        [
          "glove",
          "glove"
        ],
        [
          "item",
          "item#English"
        ],
        [
          "clothing",
          "clothing#English"
        ],
        [
          "cover",
          "cover#English"
        ],
        [
          "hand",
          "hand#English"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "dūrainis"
        },
        {
          "word": "pirkstainis"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[tsìmts]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "lv-riga-cimds.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Lv-riga-cimds.ogg/Lv-riga-cimds.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Lv-riga-cimds.ogg",
      "text": "Audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cimds"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "cimdots"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fi",
        "2": "kinnas"
      },
      "expansion": "Finnish kinnas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "et",
        "2": "kinnas"
      },
      "expansion": "Estonian kinnas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vep",
        "2": "kindas"
      },
      "expansion": "Veps kindas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "liv",
        "2": "kindas"
      },
      "expansion": "Livonian kindas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bat-pro",
        "2": "*kim-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *kim-",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kem-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to press together; to hinder, to hamper"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kem- (“to press together; to hinder, to hamper”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bat-pro",
        "2": "*šim-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *šim-",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*ḱem-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to cover"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“to cover”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Hemd"
      },
      "expansion": "German Hemd",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*kem-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kem-",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Baltic *kimdas (possibly conserved for a while in Lithuanian, but later lost), an old word, widely borrowed into Baltic-Finnic languages: compare Finnish kinnas (genitive kintaan), Estonian kinnas (genitive kinda), Veps kindas, kindaz, Livonian kindas, k'indaz. Some researchers derive *kimdas from an old Proto-Baltic verb *kimti (“to press, to shove, to thrust”), from Proto-Baltic *kim-, from the zero grade *km̥- of Proto-Indo-European *kem- (“to press together; to hinder, to hamper”); the original meaning of cimds would be, in this case, “that in which one shoves one's hands,” or “that which presses one's hands.” Others, however, derive cimds from Proto-Baltic *šim- (with the expected Latvian reflex *sim- changing to *cim- via original or dialectal variation, as with, e.g., saukt : kaukt), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“to cover”) (whence German Hemd). It is possible that Proto-Indo-European *kem- and *ḱem- were variants of a single stem, with differentiated semantics.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "declension-1",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-decl-noun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "1st declension",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimds",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimda",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdiem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdiem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdos",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimd",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cimdi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "cimds m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "1st"
      },
      "expansion": "cimds m (1st declension)",
      "name": "lv-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cimd",
        "2": "s",
        "3": "1st",
        "extrawidth": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cimd",
        "2": "s",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "drop-v": "",
        "keep-s": "",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cimds",
        "10": "cimdiem",
        "11": "cimdā",
        "12": "cimdos",
        "13": "cimd",
        "14": "cimdi",
        "2": "cimdi",
        "3": "cimdu",
        "4": "cimdus",
        "5": "cimda",
        "6": "cimdu",
        "7": "cimdam",
        "8": "cimdiem",
        "9": "cimdu",
        "type": "1st declension",
        "x": "-60"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
        "Latvian entries with topic categories using raw markup",
        "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
        "Latvian first declension nouns",
        "Latvian lemmas",
        "Latvian masculine nouns",
        "Latvian nouns",
        "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic",
        "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Latvian terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Latvian terms with audio links",
        "Latvian terms with usage examples",
        "Latvian words with falling intonation",
        "lv:Clothing"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "right-hand glove",
          "text": "labās rokas cimds",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "left-hand glove",
          "text": "kreisās rokas cimds",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "a pair of gloves",
          "text": "cimdu pāris",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "mittens (lit. fingered gloves)",
          "text": "pirkstaini, dūraini cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "crocheted gloves",
          "text": "tamborēti cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "nylon, rubber gloves",
          "text": "kaprona, gumija cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "boxing gloves",
          "text": "boksa cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "work gloves",
          "text": "darba cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "long gloves (to the elbow; worn by women)",
          "text": "garie cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "surgical gloves (worn by surgeons)",
          "text": "ķirurģiskie cimdi",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "glove finger",
          "text": "cimda pirksts",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to put on, to take off gloves",
          "text": "uzvilkt, novilkt cimdus",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to knit gloves",
          "text": "adīt cimdus",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "glove (item of clothing that covers one's hands)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "glove",
          "glove"
        ],
        [
          "item",
          "item#English"
        ],
        [
          "clothing",
          "clothing#English"
        ],
        [
          "cover",
          "cover#English"
        ],
        [
          "hand",
          "hand#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-1",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[tsìmts]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "lv-riga-cimds.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Lv-riga-cimds.ogg/Lv-riga-cimds.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Lv-riga-cimds.ogg",
      "text": "Audio"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "dūrainis"
    },
    {
      "word": "pirkstainis"
    }
  ],
  "word": "cimds"
}

{
  "called_from": "linkages/371",
  "msg": "unrecognized linkage prefix: (of \"mitten\"): dūrainis, pirkstainis desc=of \"mitten\" rest=dūrainis, pirkstainis cls=romanization cls2=romanization e1=False e2=False",
  "path": [
    "cimds"
  ],
  "section": "Latvian",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "cimds",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.